Introduction to Information Technology  
Published by Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited
Publication Date:  Available in all formats
ISBN: 9788182093515
Pages: 298

PAPERBACK

EBOOK (EPUB)

EBOOK (PDF)

ISBN: 9788182093515 Price: INR 450.00
Add to cart Buy Now
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • 01. Introduction to Computers
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Importance of Computers
    • 1.3 Characteristics of Computers
      • 1.3.1 Word Length
      • 1.3.2 Speed
      • 1.3.3 Storage
      • 1.3.4 Accuracy
      • 1.3.5 Versatility
      • 1.3.6 Automation
      • 1.3.7 Diligence
    • 1.4 Classification of Computers
    • 1.5 What Computers Can Do?
    • 1.6 What Computers Cannot Do?
      • 1.6.1 Productivity
      • 1.6.2 Reasoning
      • 1.6.3 Errors
    • 1.7 Uses of Computers
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 02. Five Generations of Modern Computers
    • 2.1 Introduction
      • 2.1.1 First Generation Computers (1945–1955)
      • 2.1.2 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
      • 2.1.3 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
      • 2.1.4 Fourth Generation Computers (1972 Onwards)
      • 2.1.5 Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Future)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 03. Classification of Computers
    • 3.1 Introduction
      • 3.1.1 Analog Computers
      • 3.1.2 Digital Computers
      • 3.1.3 Hybrid Computers
    • 3.2 Classification of Digital Computers
      • 3.2.1 Microcomputers
        • 3.2.1.1 Personal Computers (PCs)
        • 3.2.1.2 Workstations
        • 3.2.1.3 Portable Computers
      • 3.2.2 Minicomputers
      • 3.2.3 Mainframes
      • 3.2.4 Supercomputers
      • 3.2.5 Network Computers
    • 3.3 Business and Scientific Computer Systems
    • 3.4 Time Sharing, Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing Systems
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 04. Components of a Computer
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Parts of a Computer
      • 4.2.1 Processor or CPU
      • 4.2.2 Memory
        • 4.2.2.1 RAM
        • 4.2.2.2 ROM
        • 4.2.2.3 PROM
        • 4.2.2.4 EPROM
        • 4.2.2.5 EEPROM
        • 4.2.2.6 Flash Memory
      • 4.2.3 Input Devices
      • 4.2.4 Output Devices
      • 4.2.5 Storage Devices
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 05. Input Devices
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Keyboard
      • 5.2.1 Alphanumeric Keys
      • 5.2.2 Modifier Keys
      • 5.2.3 Numeric Keypad
      • 5.2.4 Function Keys
      • 5.2.5 Cursor Movement Keys
      • 5.2.6 Special-Purpose Keys
      • 5.2.7 Ergonomic Keyboards
      • 5.2.8 Internet and Multimedia Keyboards
    • 5.3 Mouse
      • 5.3.1 Types of Mice
    • 5.4 Trackball
    • 5.5 Game Controllers
    • 5.6 Touch Screen
    • 5.7 Scanners
      • 5.7.1 Types of Scanners
    • 5.8 Barcode Reader
    • 5.9 Card Reader
    • 5.10 Digitizer
    • 5.11 Voice Recognition
    • 5.12 Webcams
    • 5.13 Digital Cameras
    • 5.14 Video Cameras (Camcorders)
    • 5.15 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
    • 5.16 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
    • 5.17 Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)
    • 5.18 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 06. Output Devices
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Monitor
      • 6.2.1 CRT Monitors
      • 6.2.2 Flat-Panel Monitors
      • 6.2.3 Classification of Monitors — Based on Color
      • 6.2.4 Classification of Monitors — Based on Signals
      • 6.2.5 Characteristics of a Monitor
      • 6.2.6 Video Standards
        • 6.2.6.1 VGA
        • 6.2.6.2 SVGA
        • 6.2.6.3 8514/A
        • 6.2.6.4 XGA
        • 6.2.6.5 TI 34010
    • 6.3 Printer
      • 6.3.1 Daisy-wheel Printer
      • 6.3.2 Dot-matrix Printer
      • 6.3.3 Ink-jet Printer
      • 6.3.4 Laser Printer
      • 6.3.5 LCD, LED, Line and Thermal Printers
    • 6.4 Plotter
    • 6.5 Multimedia Projector
    • 6.6 Speech Synthesizers
      • 6.6.1 Hardware and Software Speech Synthesizers
    • 6.7 Sound Cards and Speakers
    • 6.8 Dumb, Smart and Intelligent Terminals
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 07. Storage Devices
    • 7.1 Introduction
      • 7.1.1 Classification of Secondary Storage Devices
      • 7.1.2 Advantages of Secondary Storage
    • 7.2 Magnetic Tape
      • 7.2.1 Quarter-inch Cartridge (QIC) Tapes
      • 7.2.2 8mm Helical-Scan Tapes
      • 7.2.3 DAT Cartridge
    • 7.3 Magnetic Disks
      • 7.3.1 Hard Disks
        • 7.3.1.1 Removable-Pack Disk Systems
        • 7.3.1.2 Winchester Disk Systems
      • 7.3.2 Flexible Disks
        • 7.3.2.1 Floppy Disks
        • 7.3.2.2 Zip Disk
        • 7.3.2.3 Jaz Disk
        • 7.3.2.4 SuperDisk
    • 7.4 Optical Disk
      • 7.4.1 CD-ROM
      • 7.4.2 CD-R
      • 7.4.3 CD-RW
      • 7.4.4 DVD
      • 7.4.5 DVD-R and DVD-RW
      • 7.4.6 DVD+R and DVD+RW
      • 7.4.7 Combo Drives
    • 7.5 Blu-ray Disc
    • 7.6 Magneto-Optical (MO) Disk
    • 7.7 Solid State Drive (SSD)
    • 7.8 USB Flash Drives
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 08. Computers in Business
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Office Automation
      • 8.2.1 People
      • 8.2.2 Ergonomics
      • 8.2.3 Office Automation Technologies
      • 8.2.4 Office Automation Systems
        • 8.2.4.1 Text Management Systems
        • 8.2.4.2 Business Analysis Systems
        • 8.2.4.3 Document Management Systems
        • 8.2.4.4 Network and Communication Management Systems
    • 8.3 Tools for Management Control
      • 8.3.1 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
      • 8.3.2 Executive Information Systems (EIS)
      • 8.3.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
      • 8.3.4 On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
      • 8.3.5 Data Warehousing
      • 8.3.6 Data Mining
    • 8.4 Computers in Engineering
      • 8.4.1 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
      • 8.4.2 Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
      • 8.4.3 Product Data Management (PDM)
      • 8.4.4 Feature Prototyping
      • 8.4.5 Project Management
    • 8.5 Mobile Computing
      • 8.5.1 Mobile Newspaper
      • 8.5.2 Telecommuting
      • 8.5.3 Whiteboards
      • 8.5.4 Wireless Mobile Computing
      • 8.5.5 Enabling Technologies
      • 8.5.6 Virtual Organizations
    • 8.6 Business on the Internet
      • 8.6.1 Electronic Catalogs
      • 8.6.2 Web Advertising
      • 8.6.3 Secure Transactions
    • 8.7 Computer Related Jobs in Business
      • 8.7.1 Earning Potential
      • 8.7.2 Career Options
      • 8.7.3 Academic Preparation
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 09. Data Processing and Database Management Systems
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Data, Information, and Data Processing
      • 9.2.1 Data vs. Information
      • 9.2.2 Attributes/Characteristics of Information
      • 9.2.3 Data Processing
    • 9.3 Data and Data Management
    • 9.4 File-based Data Management
    • 9.5 Database Systems
      • 9.5.1 Why a Database?
    • 9.6 Organization of a Database
    • 9.7 Characteristics of Data in a Database
    • 9.8 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
    • 9.9 Components of a DBMS
      • 9.9.1 Query Processor
      • 9.9.2 File Manager
      • 9.9.3 DML Preprocessor
      • 9.9.4 DDL Compiler
      • 9.9.5 Data Dictionary Manager
      • 9.9.6 Database Manager (DM)
    • 9.10 Advantages of a DBMS
    • 9.11 Benefits of Using a DBMS
    • 9.12 Types of DBMS
      • 9.12.1 Hierarchical DBMS
      • 9.12.2 Network DBMS
      • 9.12.3 Relational DBMS
      • 9.12.4 Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
    • 9.13 Functions of DBMS
    • 9.14 Database Users
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 10. Introduction to Software Development
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Software Development Life Cycle Phases
    • 10.3 Software Development Process
    • 10.4 Overview of SDLC Phases
    • 10.5 Project Start-Up
    • 10.6 Requirements Analysis and Specification
    • 10.7 Systems Analysis
    • 10.8 System Design
      • 10.8.1 High-level Design or External Design
      • 10.8.2 Low-level Design or Detailed Design
        • 10.8.2.1 Structured English
        • 10.8.2.2 Flowcharts
        • 10.8.2.3 Pseudocode
        • 10.8.2.4 Data Flow Diagram
        • 10.8.2.5 Data Dictionary
        • 10.8.2.6 Decision Tables
        • 10.8.2.7 Decision Trees
    • 10.9 Coding and Unit Testing
    • 10.10 System/Integration Testing
    • 10.11 Acceptance Testing
    • 10.12 Implementation
    • 10.13 Project Windup
    • 10.14 Project Maintenance
    • 10.15 Retirement
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 11. Hardware and Software
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Computer Hardware
    • 11.3 Computer Software
    • 11.4 Hardware/Software Interaction
      • 11.4.1 Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle
    • 11.5 Classification of Software
      • 11.5.1 Systems Software
        • 11.5.1.1 Operating Systems
        • 11.5.1.2 Utilities
        • 11.5.1.3 Compilers and Interpreters
      • 11.5.2 Applications Software
        • 11.5.2.1 Word Processors
        • 11.5.2.2 Spreadsheets
        • 11.5.2.3 Presentation Software
        • 11.5.2.4 Image Processors
        • 11.5.2.5 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 12. Operating Systems
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Functions of an Operating System
    • 12.3 Classification of Operating Systems
      • 12.3.1 Desktop Operating Systems
      • 12.3.2 Server Operating Systems
      • 12.3.3 Mainframe Operating Systems
      • 12.3.4 Multi-user Operating Systems
      • 12.3.5 Multiprocessing Operating Systems
      • 12.3.6 Multitasking Operating Systems
      • 12.3.7 Multithreading Operating Systems
      • 12.3.8 Real-time Operating Systems
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 13. Programming Languages
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Machine Languages
    • 13.3 Assembly Languages
    • 13.4 High-Level Languages
    • 13.5 Types of High-level Languages
      • 13.5.1 Procedure-oriented Languages
      • 13.5.2 Problem-oriented Languages
        • 13.5.2.1 Personal Computer Applications Software
        • 13.5.2.2 Query Languages and Report Generators
        • 13.5.2.3 Decision Support Systems
        • 13.5.2.4 Application generators
      • 13.5.3 Natural Languages
    • 13.6 Compilers and Interpreters
      • 13.6.1 Compilation Process
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 14. Computer Networks
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Overview of a Network
    • 14.3 Types of Networks
      • 14.3.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
      • 14.3.2 Wide Area Network (WAN)
    • 14.4 Network Topology
      • 14.4.1 Star Topology
        • 14.4.1.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.1.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.2 Ring Topology
        • 14.4.2.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.2.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.3 Linear Bus Topology
        • 14.4.3.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.3.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.4 Tree Topology
        • 14.4.4.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.4.2 Disadvantages
    • 14.5 Network Protocols
    • 14.6 Network Architecture
      • 14.6.1 Peer-to-Peer Architecture
      • 14.6.2 Client/Server Architecture
    • 14.7 Intranets
      • 14.7.1 Characteristics of Intranet
      • 14.7.2 Advantages of Intranets
      • 14.7.3 Business Benefits of Intranets
      • 14.7.4 Drawbacks of Intranets
      • 14.7.5 Why does an Organization need Intranet?
      • 14.7.6 Benefits of Intranets to Employees and Organizations
    • 14.8 Extranet
    • 14.9 Relationship between Intranets, Extranets and E-commerce
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 15. Internet and WWW
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 What is Special About the Internet?
    • 15.3 Internet Access
      • 15.3.1 Dial-up Connection
      • 15.3.2 Direct Connection
    • 15.4 Internet Basics
      • 15.4.1 What Should I Do?
    • 15.5 Internet Protocols
      • 15.5.1 Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
      • 15.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
      • 15.5.3 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
      • 15.5.4 Telnet
      • 15.5.5 Gopher
      • 15.5.6 WAIS
    • 15.6 Internet Addressing
      • 15.6.1 IP Address
      • 15.6.2 Domain Names
      • 15.6.3 Electronic Mail Addresses
      • 15.6.4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
    • 15.7 World Wide Web (WWW)
    • 15.8 Web Browsers
      • 15.8.1 Web Browsing
    • 15.9 Web Pages and HTML
    • 15.10 Searching the Web
      • 15.10.1 Web Index
      • 15.10.2 Web Directory
      • 15.10.3 Search Engines
      • 15.10.4 Meta-search Engines
      • 15.10.5 Making Your Search
    • 15.11 Internet Chat
      • 15.11.1 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
      • 15.11.2 Chatting on Web
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
Rating
Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • 01. Introduction to Computers
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Importance of Computers
    • 1.3 Characteristics of Computers
      • 1.3.1 Word Length
      • 1.3.2 Speed
      • 1.3.3 Storage
      • 1.3.4 Accuracy
      • 1.3.5 Versatility
      • 1.3.6 Automation
      • 1.3.7 Diligence
    • 1.4 Classification of Computers
    • 1.5 What Computers Can Do?
    • 1.6 What Computers Cannot Do?
      • 1.6.1 Productivity
      • 1.6.2 Reasoning
      • 1.6.3 Errors
    • 1.7 Uses of Computers
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 02. Five Generations of Modern Computers
    • 2.1 Introduction
      • 2.1.1 First Generation Computers (1945–1955)
      • 2.1.2 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
      • 2.1.3 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
      • 2.1.4 Fourth Generation Computers (1972 Onwards)
      • 2.1.5 Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Future)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 03. Classification of Computers
    • 3.1 Introduction
      • 3.1.1 Analog Computers
      • 3.1.2 Digital Computers
      • 3.1.3 Hybrid Computers
    • 3.2 Classification of Digital Computers
      • 3.2.1 Microcomputers
        • 3.2.1.1 Personal Computers (PCs)
        • 3.2.1.2 Workstations
        • 3.2.1.3 Portable Computers
      • 3.2.2 Minicomputers
      • 3.2.3 Mainframes
      • 3.2.4 Supercomputers
      • 3.2.5 Network Computers
    • 3.3 Business and Scientific Computer Systems
    • 3.4 Time Sharing, Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing Systems
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 04. Components of a Computer
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Parts of a Computer
      • 4.2.1 Processor or CPU
      • 4.2.2 Memory
        • 4.2.2.1 RAM
        • 4.2.2.2 ROM
        • 4.2.2.3 PROM
        • 4.2.2.4 EPROM
        • 4.2.2.5 EEPROM
        • 4.2.2.6 Flash Memory
      • 4.2.3 Input Devices
      • 4.2.4 Output Devices
      • 4.2.5 Storage Devices
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 05. Input Devices
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Keyboard
      • 5.2.1 Alphanumeric Keys
      • 5.2.2 Modifier Keys
      • 5.2.3 Numeric Keypad
      • 5.2.4 Function Keys
      • 5.2.5 Cursor Movement Keys
      • 5.2.6 Special-Purpose Keys
      • 5.2.7 Ergonomic Keyboards
      • 5.2.8 Internet and Multimedia Keyboards
    • 5.3 Mouse
      • 5.3.1 Types of Mice
    • 5.4 Trackball
    • 5.5 Game Controllers
    • 5.6 Touch Screen
    • 5.7 Scanners
      • 5.7.1 Types of Scanners
    • 5.8 Barcode Reader
    • 5.9 Card Reader
    • 5.10 Digitizer
    • 5.11 Voice Recognition
    • 5.12 Webcams
    • 5.13 Digital Cameras
    • 5.14 Video Cameras (Camcorders)
    • 5.15 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
    • 5.16 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
    • 5.17 Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)
    • 5.18 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 06. Output Devices
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Monitor
      • 6.2.1 CRT Monitors
      • 6.2.2 Flat-Panel Monitors
      • 6.2.3 Classification of Monitors — Based on Color
      • 6.2.4 Classification of Monitors — Based on Signals
      • 6.2.5 Characteristics of a Monitor
      • 6.2.6 Video Standards
        • 6.2.6.1 VGA
        • 6.2.6.2 SVGA
        • 6.2.6.3 8514/A
        • 6.2.6.4 XGA
        • 6.2.6.5 TI 34010
    • 6.3 Printer
      • 6.3.1 Daisy-wheel Printer
      • 6.3.2 Dot-matrix Printer
      • 6.3.3 Ink-jet Printer
      • 6.3.4 Laser Printer
      • 6.3.5 LCD, LED, Line and Thermal Printers
    • 6.4 Plotter
    • 6.5 Multimedia Projector
    • 6.6 Speech Synthesizers
      • 6.6.1 Hardware and Software Speech Synthesizers
    • 6.7 Sound Cards and Speakers
    • 6.8 Dumb, Smart and Intelligent Terminals
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 07. Storage Devices
    • 7.1 Introduction
      • 7.1.1 Classification of Secondary Storage Devices
      • 7.1.2 Advantages of Secondary Storage
    • 7.2 Magnetic Tape
      • 7.2.1 Quarter-inch Cartridge (QIC) Tapes
      • 7.2.2 8mm Helical-Scan Tapes
      • 7.2.3 DAT Cartridge
    • 7.3 Magnetic Disks
      • 7.3.1 Hard Disks
        • 7.3.1.1 Removable-Pack Disk Systems
        • 7.3.1.2 Winchester Disk Systems
      • 7.3.2 Flexible Disks
        • 7.3.2.1 Floppy Disks
        • 7.3.2.2 Zip Disk
        • 7.3.2.3 Jaz Disk
        • 7.3.2.4 SuperDisk
    • 7.4 Optical Disk
      • 7.4.1 CD-ROM
      • 7.4.2 CD-R
      • 7.4.3 CD-RW
      • 7.4.4 DVD
      • 7.4.5 DVD-R and DVD-RW
      • 7.4.6 DVD+R and DVD+RW
      • 7.4.7 Combo Drives
    • 7.5 Blu-ray Disc
    • 7.6 Magneto-Optical (MO) Disk
    • 7.7 Solid State Drive (SSD)
    • 7.8 USB Flash Drives
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 08. Computers in Business
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Office Automation
      • 8.2.1 People
      • 8.2.2 Ergonomics
      • 8.2.3 Office Automation Technologies
      • 8.2.4 Office Automation Systems
        • 8.2.4.1 Text Management Systems
        • 8.2.4.2 Business Analysis Systems
        • 8.2.4.3 Document Management Systems
        • 8.2.4.4 Network and Communication Management Systems
    • 8.3 Tools for Management Control
      • 8.3.1 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
      • 8.3.2 Executive Information Systems (EIS)
      • 8.3.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
      • 8.3.4 On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
      • 8.3.5 Data Warehousing
      • 8.3.6 Data Mining
    • 8.4 Computers in Engineering
      • 8.4.1 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
      • 8.4.2 Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
      • 8.4.3 Product Data Management (PDM)
      • 8.4.4 Feature Prototyping
      • 8.4.5 Project Management
    • 8.5 Mobile Computing
      • 8.5.1 Mobile Newspaper
      • 8.5.2 Telecommuting
      • 8.5.3 Whiteboards
      • 8.5.4 Wireless Mobile Computing
      • 8.5.5 Enabling Technologies
      • 8.5.6 Virtual Organizations
    • 8.6 Business on the Internet
      • 8.6.1 Electronic Catalogs
      • 8.6.2 Web Advertising
      • 8.6.3 Secure Transactions
    • 8.7 Computer Related Jobs in Business
      • 8.7.1 Earning Potential
      • 8.7.2 Career Options
      • 8.7.3 Academic Preparation
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 09. Data Processing and Database Management Systems
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Data, Information, and Data Processing
      • 9.2.1 Data vs. Information
      • 9.2.2 Attributes/Characteristics of Information
      • 9.2.3 Data Processing
    • 9.3 Data and Data Management
    • 9.4 File-based Data Management
    • 9.5 Database Systems
      • 9.5.1 Why a Database?
    • 9.6 Organization of a Database
    • 9.7 Characteristics of Data in a Database
    • 9.8 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
    • 9.9 Components of a DBMS
      • 9.9.1 Query Processor
      • 9.9.2 File Manager
      • 9.9.3 DML Preprocessor
      • 9.9.4 DDL Compiler
      • 9.9.5 Data Dictionary Manager
      • 9.9.6 Database Manager (DM)
    • 9.10 Advantages of a DBMS
    • 9.11 Benefits of Using a DBMS
    • 9.12 Types of DBMS
      • 9.12.1 Hierarchical DBMS
      • 9.12.2 Network DBMS
      • 9.12.3 Relational DBMS
      • 9.12.4 Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
    • 9.13 Functions of DBMS
    • 9.14 Database Users
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 10. Introduction to Software Development
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Software Development Life Cycle Phases
    • 10.3 Software Development Process
    • 10.4 Overview of SDLC Phases
    • 10.5 Project Start-Up
    • 10.6 Requirements Analysis and Specification
    • 10.7 Systems Analysis
    • 10.8 System Design
      • 10.8.1 High-level Design or External Design
      • 10.8.2 Low-level Design or Detailed Design
        • 10.8.2.1 Structured English
        • 10.8.2.2 Flowcharts
        • 10.8.2.3 Pseudocode
        • 10.8.2.4 Data Flow Diagram
        • 10.8.2.5 Data Dictionary
        • 10.8.2.6 Decision Tables
        • 10.8.2.7 Decision Trees
    • 10.9 Coding and Unit Testing
    • 10.10 System/Integration Testing
    • 10.11 Acceptance Testing
    • 10.12 Implementation
    • 10.13 Project Windup
    • 10.14 Project Maintenance
    • 10.15 Retirement
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 11. Hardware and Software
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Computer Hardware
    • 11.3 Computer Software
    • 11.4 Hardware/Software Interaction
      • 11.4.1 Fetch–Decode–Execute Cycle
    • 11.5 Classification of Software
      • 11.5.1 Systems Software
        • 11.5.1.1 Operating Systems
        • 11.5.1.2 Utilities
        • 11.5.1.3 Compilers and Interpreters
      • 11.5.2 Applications Software
        • 11.5.2.1 Word Processors
        • 11.5.2.2 Spreadsheets
        • 11.5.2.3 Presentation Software
        • 11.5.2.4 Image Processors
        • 11.5.2.5 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 12. Operating Systems
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Functions of an Operating System
    • 12.3 Classification of Operating Systems
      • 12.3.1 Desktop Operating Systems
      • 12.3.2 Server Operating Systems
      • 12.3.3 Mainframe Operating Systems
      • 12.3.4 Multi-user Operating Systems
      • 12.3.5 Multiprocessing Operating Systems
      • 12.3.6 Multitasking Operating Systems
      • 12.3.7 Multithreading Operating Systems
      • 12.3.8 Real-time Operating Systems
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 13. Programming Languages
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Machine Languages
    • 13.3 Assembly Languages
    • 13.4 High-Level Languages
    • 13.5 Types of High-level Languages
      • 13.5.1 Procedure-oriented Languages
      • 13.5.2 Problem-oriented Languages
        • 13.5.2.1 Personal Computer Applications Software
        • 13.5.2.2 Query Languages and Report Generators
        • 13.5.2.3 Decision Support Systems
        • 13.5.2.4 Application generators
      • 13.5.3 Natural Languages
    • 13.6 Compilers and Interpreters
      • 13.6.1 Compilation Process
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 14. Computer Networks
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Overview of a Network
    • 14.3 Types of Networks
      • 14.3.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
      • 14.3.2 Wide Area Network (WAN)
    • 14.4 Network Topology
      • 14.4.1 Star Topology
        • 14.4.1.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.1.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.2 Ring Topology
        • 14.4.2.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.2.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.3 Linear Bus Topology
        • 14.4.3.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.3.2 Disadvantages
      • 14.4.4 Tree Topology
        • 14.4.4.1 Advantages
        • 14.4.4.2 Disadvantages
    • 14.5 Network Protocols
    • 14.6 Network Architecture
      • 14.6.1 Peer-to-Peer Architecture
      • 14.6.2 Client/Server Architecture
    • 14.7 Intranets
      • 14.7.1 Characteristics of Intranet
      • 14.7.2 Advantages of Intranets
      • 14.7.3 Business Benefits of Intranets
      • 14.7.4 Drawbacks of Intranets
      • 14.7.5 Why does an Organization need Intranet?
      • 14.7.6 Benefits of Intranets to Employees and Organizations
    • 14.8 Extranet
    • 14.9 Relationship between Intranets, Extranets and E-commerce
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
  • 15. Internet and WWW
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 What is Special About the Internet?
    • 15.3 Internet Access
      • 15.3.1 Dial-up Connection
      • 15.3.2 Direct Connection
    • 15.4 Internet Basics
      • 15.4.1 What Should I Do?
    • 15.5 Internet Protocols
      • 15.5.1 Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
      • 15.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
      • 15.5.3 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
      • 15.5.4 Telnet
      • 15.5.5 Gopher
      • 15.5.6 WAIS
    • 15.6 Internet Addressing
      • 15.6.1 IP Address
      • 15.6.2 Domain Names
      • 15.6.3 Electronic Mail Addresses
      • 15.6.4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
    • 15.7 World Wide Web (WWW)
    • 15.8 Web Browsers
      • 15.8.1 Web Browsing
    • 15.9 Web Pages and HTML
    • 15.10 Searching the Web
      • 15.10.1 Web Index
      • 15.10.2 Web Directory
      • 15.10.3 Search Engines
      • 15.10.4 Meta-search Engines
      • 15.10.5 Making Your Search
    • 15.11 Internet Chat
      • 15.11.1 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
      • 15.11.2 Chatting on Web
    • Review Questions
      • Fill in the Blanks
      • True or False
      • Multiple Choice Questions
      • Short Answer Questions
      • Descriptive Questions
      • Essay Questions
Biographical note
Alexis Leon is a Software Consultant, researcher and writer. He has more than 30 years of consulting experiencein the areas of software development, IT, software engineering, internet and WWW, workflow automation, groupware, product design, process improvement, project management, configuration management, quality assurance, productivity improvement, etc. He has written more than 45 books on computing, IT and management. He has worked with companies like Ponds India Ltd and Tata Consultancy Services. He holds a masters degree (M.Tech) in Industrial Engineering. He can be reached through his website at www.alexisleon.com.
Mathews Leon is the Executive Director of L & L Consultancy Services Pvt Ltd, company specialising in web design and development, internet/intranet development, software development, multimedia and CBT development, etc. He has written more than 25 books on computing and IT. He hold a bachelor's degree (B.Tech) in Mechanical Engineering. He can be reached through his web site at http://mathews.lnl.net/.
Excerpt

INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ALEXIS LEON

Professional Writer and
Software Consultant

MATHEWS LEON

Executive Director
L & L Consultancy Services Pvt, Ltd.

LEENA LEON

Assistant Professor
St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

CHENNAI

Published by

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

No. 1B, Second Main Road,

Ram Nagar South, Chennai – 600 091

Phone: + 91 - 44 - 4283 7178, 72002 58368, 97898 33533

Email: vni@vijaynicole.co.in Website: www.vijaynicole.co.in

Introduction to Information Technology

ISBN: 978-81-8209-351-5

e-PUB: 978-81-19243-18-1

e-PDF: 978-81-19243-17-4

Copyright © 2023, Alexis Leon and Mathews Leon

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers and copyright holders. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by publishers, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor copyright holders guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither publishers nor copyright holders shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that publishers and copyright holders are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

Laser typeset at: Maven Learning, Chennai – 600 091

To

Our Parents,

Leon Alexander and Santhamma Leon,
for their love, encouragement and support

Preface

Preface

A few decades back, communication used to be between people. But now inanimate objects are getting into the act—books can tell the cash registers how much they cost; identity cards can tell the door lock whether to open or not; automated guided vehicles can tell the host computer where they are in the shop floor, what they are carrying, and when they will be free; missiles can compare the landscape with their own map and hit the target with pinpoint precision; on the Internet people engage in lively chats, discussions, and play games even if they are physically in different continents.

The changes mentioned above in the fields of Computer Science and IT add up to what is called the information revolution or IT revolution. To survive in this information world one must keep pace with these changes. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction to IT to the readers and enable them to know the importance of computers and IT in business and daily life. The book deals with the fundamental concepts, technologies and theories as well as advanced concepts and practical applications. The book starts with an introduction to computers and telecommunications and then deals with the latest developments and technologies.

The book is written in an easy-to-read and jargon-free style. We have used a lot of images, tables, bulleted lists, etc. to make the reading and comprehension easier, and also to illustrate, familiarize, and demonstrate the capabilities, benefits, and limitations of IT and the related applications.

We have used cartoon characters to make the figures interesting and easy to remember. But when you are appearing for the examinations, you should replace the cartoon characters with suitable geometrical shapes. An example of how it could be done is shown as follows. The example shows Figure 17.6 (Basic Components of a CBIS) as it appears in the book and how it should be drawn for the examination.

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES

We have included a lot of pedagogical features in this book. These include more than 690 review questions (short answer questions, descriptive type questions, and essay questions) and about 740 objective type questions (fill in the blanks, true or false, and multiple choice questions). The answers to the objective questions are given at the end of each chapter. The questions are designed to make your learning easy and effective. There are also 10 solved question papers.

Figure 17.6 Basic Components of a CBIS (as shown in the text)

Figure 17.6 Basic Components of a CBIS (for exam purposes)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book is the product of a shared vision. We would like to give our special thanks to the people who helped to create it. We would like to express our gratitude to P. K. Madhavan and the editorial team at Vijay Nicole Imprints Pvt. Ltd. Thanks to our parents Leon Alexander and Santhamma Leon for their love and support.

Finally, we would like to thank our readers. We hope you enjoy reading this book and find it useful. We would love to hear your views, comments and suggestions. We wish all of you, all the very best in your careers and look forward to meet you in the cyberspace…

Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Preface

01. Introduction to Computers

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Importance of Computers

1.3 Characteristics of Computers

1.3.1 Word Length

1.3.2 Speed

1.3.3 Storage

1.3.4 Accuracy

1.3.5 Versatility

1.3.6 Automation

1.3.7 Diligence

1.4 Classification of Computers

1.5 What Computers Can Do?

1.6 What Computers Cannot Do?

1.6.1 Productivity

1.6.2 Reasoning

1.6.3 Errors

1.7 Uses of Computers

Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks

True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

Short Answer Questions

Descriptive Questions

Essay Questions

02. Five Generations of Modern Computers

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 First Generation Computers (1945–1955)

2.1.2 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)

2.1.3 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)

2.1.4 Fourth Generation Computers (1972 Onwards)

2.1.5 Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Future)

Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks

True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

Short Answer Questions

Descriptive Questions

Essay Questions

03. Classification of Computers

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Analog Computers

3.1.2 Digital Computers

3.1.3 Hybrid Computers

3.2 Classification of Digital Computers

3.2.1 Microcomputers

3.2.1.1 Personal Computers (PCs)

3.2.1.2 Workstations

3.2.1.3 Portable Computers

3.2.2 Minicomputers

3.2.3 Mainframes

3.2.4 Supercomputers

3.2.5 Network Computers

3.3 Business and Scientific Computer Systems

3.4 Time Sharing, Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing Systems

Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks

True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

Short Answer Questions

Descriptive Questions

Essay Questions

04. Components of a Computer

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Parts of a Computer

4.2.1 Processor or CPU

4.2.2 Memory

4.2.2.1 RAM

4.2.2.2 ROM

4.2.2.3 PROM

4.2.2.4 EPROM

4.2.2.5 EEPROM

4.2.2.6 Flash Memory

4.2.3 Input Devices

4.2.4 Output Devices

4.2.5 Storage Devices

Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks

True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

Short Answer Questions

Descriptive Questions

Essay Questions

05. Input Devices

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Keyboard

5.2.1 Alphanumeric Keys

5.2.2 Modifier Keys

5.2.3 Numeric Keypad

5.2.4 Function Keys

5.2.5 Cursor Movement Keys

5.2.6 Special-Purpose Keys

5.2.7 Ergonomic Keyboards

5.2.8 Internet and Multimedia Keyboards

5.3 Mouse

5.3.1 Types of Mice

5.4 Trackball

5.5 Game Controllers

5.6 Touch Screen

5.7 Scanners

5.7.1 Types of Scanners

5.8 Barcode Reader

5.9 Card Reader

5.10 Digitizer

5.11 Voice Recognition

5.12 Webcams

5.13 Digital Cameras

5.14 Video Cameras (Camcorders)

5.15 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

5.16 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

5.17 Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)

5.18 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks

True or False

User Reviews
Rating