Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents at a Glance
Contents
01. Introduction to Database Management Systems
1.1 Information
1.2 Data and Data Management
1.3 File-based Data Management
1.3.1 Disadvantages of File-based Data Management Systems
1.3.1.1 Need for Programming and Skilled Personnel
1.3.1.2 Lack of Data Security
1.3.1.3 Information Compartmentalization
1.3.1.4 Structural Dependency
1.3.1.5 Data Dependency
1.3.1.6 Data Redundancy
1.3.1.7 Data Inconsistency
1.4 Database Systems
1.4.1 Why a Database?
1.4.2 Comparison between Database and File-processing Systems
1.4.3 Self-describing Nature of a Database System
1.4.4 Data Independence and Data Abstraction
1.4.5 Support of Multiple Views of the Data
1.4.6 Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing
1.5 Organization of a Database
1.6 Characteristics of Data in a Database
1.7 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
1.7.1 Benefits of using a DBMS
1.8 Functions of DBMS
1.8.1 Transaction Management
1.8.2 Concurrency Control
1.8.3 Recovery Management
1.8.4 Security Management
1.8.5 Language Interface
1.8.6 Storage Management
1.8.7 Data Catalog Management
1.9 Components of a DBMS
1.9.1 Query Processor
1.9.2 File Manager
1.9.3 DML Preprocessor
1.9.4 DDL compiler
1.9.5 Data Dictionary Manager
1.9.6 Database Manager (DM)
1.10 Data Dictionary
1.10.1 Users of the Data Dictionary
1.10.2 Benefits of Data Dictionaries
1.10.3 Data Dictionary Types
1.11 Database Users
1.11.1 Database Administrator (DBA)
1.11.1.1 Recoverability
1.11.1.2 Integrity
1.11.1.3 Security
1.11.1.4 Availability
1.11.1.5 Performance
1.11.1.6 Development/Testing Support
1.11.2 Database Designers
1.11.3 End Users
1.11.4 System Administrator
1.11.5 Security Officers
1.11.6 Network Administrators
1.12 Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Descriptive Type Questions
Essay Type Questions
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Multiple Choice Questions
02. Database Architecture and Design
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Database Architecture
2.3 Data Abstraction
2.4 ANSI/SPARC Architecture
2.4.1 External or Logical Schema
2.4.2 Conceptual Schema
2.4.3 Internal or Physical Schema
2.4.4 Database Users and ANSI/SPARC Architecture
2.5 Physical and Logical Data Independence
2.6 Database Languages
2.7 Database Design
2.7.1 Requirements Analysis
2.7.2 Information Modeling
2.8 Design Constraints
2.8.1 Structural Constraints
2.8.2 Type Constraints
2.8.3 Range Constraints
2.8.4 Relationship Constraints
2.8.5 Temporal Constraints
2.9 Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Descriptive Type Questions
Essay Type Questions
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Multiple Choice Questions
03. Data Models
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptual, Physical and Logical Database Models
3.3 Database Relationships
3.4 Hierarchical Model
3.4.1 Advantages
3.4.2 Disadvantages
3.5 Network Model
3.5.1 Advantages
3.5.2 Disadvantages
3.6 Relational Model
3.6.1 Advantages
3.6.2 Disadvantages
3.7 E-R Model
3.7.1 Advantages
3.7.2 Disadvantages
3.8 Object-oriented Model
3.8.1 Advantages
3.8.2 Disadvantages
3.9 Object-relational Model
3.10 Deductive/Inference Model
3.11 Summary
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Multiple Choice Questions
04. Entity-Relationship (E-R) Modeling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 E-R MODEL
4.3 Components of an E-R Model
4.3.1 Entities
4.3.2 Attributes
4.3.2.1 Simple Attribute
4.3.2.2 Composite Attribute
4.3.2.3 Single-valued Attribute
4.3.2.4 Multi-valued Attribute
4.3.2.5 Derived Attribute
4.3.2.6 Entities and Attributes
4.3.3 Entity Identifiers
4.3.4 Instances of Entities
4.3.5 Attribute Domains.
4.4 E-R Diagram Conventions
4.5 Relationships
4.5.1 Degree
4.5.2 Connectivity
4.5.3 Cardinality
4.5.4 Dependency
4.5.5 Participation Constraints
4.5.6 Example
4.6 Composite Entities
4.7 Entity List
4.8 E-R Diagrams (ERDS)
4.8.1 Types of E-R Diagrams
4.9 E-R Modeling Symbols
4.10 Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
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Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
05. Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Superclass and Subclass Entity Types
5.3 Attribute Inheritance
5.4 Specialization
5.5 Generalization
5.5.1 Specialization/Generalization Constraints
5.5.1.1 Disjoint Constraint
5.5.1.2 Participation Constraint
5.6 Categorization
5.7 Summary
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06. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 RDBMS Terminology
6.3 The Relational Data Structure
6.4 Relational Data Manipulation
6.5 Codd’s Rules
6.5.1 Information Rule
6.5.2 Guaranteed Access Rule
6.5.3 Systematic Treatment of Nulls Rule
6.5.4 Active On-line Catalog based on the Relational Model
6.5.5 Comprehensive Data Sub-language Rule
6.5.6 View Updating Rule
6.5.7 High-level Insert, Update and Delete
6.5.8 Physical Data Independence
6.5.9 Logical Data Independence
6.5.10 Integrity Independence
6.5.11 Distribution Independence
6.5.12 Non-subversion Rule
6.6 Summary
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07. Relational Data Integrity and Database Constraints
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Integrity Constraints
7.2.1 Domain Constraints
7.2.2 Entity Integrity
7.2.3 Referential Integrity
7.2.4 Operational Constraints
7.3 Summary
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08. Data Normalization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pitfalls in Relational Database Design
8.3 Decomposition
8.3.1 Desirable Properties of Decomposition
8.3.2 Exercise
8.4 Functional Dependencies
8.4.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies
8.5 Normalization
8.6 Keys
8.7 Relationships
8.8 First Normal Form (1NF)
8.9 Second Normal Form (2NF)
8.10 Third Normal Form (3NF)
8.11 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
8.11.1 Comparison of 3NF and BCNF
8.12 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
8.12.1 Multi-Valued Dependency (MVD)
8.13 Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
8.14 Lossless Join Dependency
8.15 Domain-Key Normal Form (DKNF)
8.16 Denormalization
8.17 Summary
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Exercises
09. Relational Algebra
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Relational Algebraic Operations
9.2.1 UNION, INTERSECTION and DIFFERENCE
9.2.2 CARTESIAN PRODUCT
9.2.3 SELECT
9.2.4 PROJECT
9.2.5 ASSIGNMENT
9.2.6 DIVISION
9.2.7 RENAME
9.2.8 JOIN
9.2.8.1 Theta Join
9.2.8.2 Natural Join
9.2.8.3 Outer Join
9.2.8.4 Semijoin
9.3 Aggregate Functions
9.4 UPDATE OPERATIONS
9.4.1 Deletion
9.4.2 Insertion
9.4.3 Updating
9.5 Exercise
9.5.1 Answers
9.6 Summary
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10. Relational Calculus
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tuple Relational Calculus
10.2.1 Expressions and Formulas
10.2.2 Existential and Universal Quantifiers
10.3 Domain Relational Calculus
10.4 Exercises
10.5 Summary
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11. Tables Used in this Book
11.1 Introduction
12. Structured Query Language (SQL)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characteristics of SQL
12.3 Advantages of SQL
12.4 Types of SQL Commands
12.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)
12.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
12.4.3 Data Query Language (DQL)
12.4.4 Data Control Language (DCL)
12.4.5 Data Administration Statements (DAS)
12.4.6 Transaction Control Statements (TCS)
12.5 SQL Operators
12.6 Arithmetic Operators
12.7 Comparison Operators
12.8 Logical Operators
12.9 Set Operators
12.10 Operator Precedence
12.11 Summary
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13. Tables, Views and Indexes
13.1 Tables
13.1.1 Creating a Table
13.1.2 Modifying a Table
13.1.3 Deleting a Table
13.2 Views
13.2.1 Creating a View
13.2.2 Data Query and Manipulation Operations with Views
13.2.3 The CHECK OPTION
13.2.4 Views Involving Multiple Tables
13.2.5 Updateable and Non-updateable Views
13.2.6 Advantages of Views
13.2.7 Using Views
13.2.8 Dropping a View
13.3 Indexes
13.3.1 Book Index vs. Table Index
13.3.2 Why Use an Index?
13.3.3 Creating an Index
13.3.4 Types of Indexes
13.3.4.1 Composite Indexes
13.3.4.2 Unique Indexes
13.3.4.3 Clustered Indexes
13.3.5 Dropping an Index
13.3.6 Using Indexes
13.4 Summary
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14. Queries and Subqueries
14.1 Queries
14.1.1 Selecting All Columns (SELECT *)
14.1.2 Qualified Retrieval
14.1.2.1 Eliminating Duplicates Using DISTINCT
14.1.3 Select Using IN
14.1.4 Select Using BETWEEN
14.1.5 Select Using LIKE
14.1.5.1 ESCAPE Clause
14.1.6 Selecting Computed Values
14.1.7 Selection Involving NULLs
14.1.8 Grouping While Selecting
14.1.9 Ordering While Selecting
14.1.10 AND, OR and NOT
14.2 Subqueries
14.2.1 What is a Subquery?
14.2.2 Execution of a Subquery
14.2.3 Nested Subqueries
14.2.4 Parallel Subqueries
14.2.5 Correlated Subquery
14.3 Summary
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15. Aggregate Functions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Rules
15.3 COUNT( ) and COUNT(*)
15.4 SUM( )
15.5 AVG( )
15.6 MAX( ) and MIN( )
15.7 Summary
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16. INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE Operations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 INSERT Statement
16.2.1 Single row INSERT
16.3 Bulk Inserts of Data
16.4 UPDATE Statement
16.5 DELETE Statement
16.6 Summary
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17. Joins and Unions
17.1 Joins
17.1.1 Why do we need Joins?
17.1.2 Use of Aliases
17.1.3 Qualities of a Good Join
17.1.4 Theta Joins, Equijoins and Nonequijoins
17.1.5 WHERE Clause
17.1.6 Using SELECT * in Joins
17.1.7 Natural Join
17.1.8 Self-join—Joining a Table with Itself
17.1.9 Joining More than 2 Tables
17.1.10 Cartesian Product
17.1.11 Joins Vs. Subqueries
17.1.12 Outer Joins
17.2 Unions
17.2.1 Duplicate Elimination
17.2.2 Ordering the Results
17.2.3 Order of Evaluation
17.3 Summary
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18. Programming with SQL
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Embedded SQL
18.1.2 Application Program Interface
18.2 Query Processing
18.3 Embedded SQL
18.3.1 Embedded SQL Program
18.3.2 Precompilation
18.3.3 DCLGEN Command
18.3.4 Binding
18.3.5 Link-editing
18.3.6 Running the Program
18.3.7 Advantages of Embedded SQL Programs
18.3.8 Automatic Rebinding
18.3.9 Embedded SQL Features
18.3.10 Error Handling
18.4 Cursors
18.4.1 Cursor Operations
18.5 Triggers
18.6 Dynamic SQL
18.7 Summary
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19. Secondary (Auxiliary) Storage Devices
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Advantages of Secondary Storage
19.1.1.1 Direct Access Storage
19.1.1.2 Sequential Access Storage
19.2 Magnetic Tape
19.3 Magnetic Disk
19.3.1 Hard Disks
19.3.2 Flexible Disks
19.4 Optical Disk
19.5 Magneto-optical (MO) Drives
19.6 Summary
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20. Files, File Organization and File Structures
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Operations on Files
20.3 File Storage Organization
20.3.1 Sequential File Organization
20.3.1.1 Sequential File Processing
20.3.1.2 Efficiency of Sequential File Organization
20.3.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
20.3.2 Direct File Organization
20.3.2.1 Direct File Processing
20.3.2.2 Relative Addressing
20.3.2.3 Hashing
20.3.2.4 Indexing
20.3.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
20.4 Physical Storage Media
20.4.1 Cache
20.4.2 Main Memory
20.4.3 Flash Memory
20.4.4 Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk and Magnetic Tape Storage
20.5 Storage Device Hierarchy
20.6 Storage Access
20.7 Buffer Manager
20.7.1 Buffer Replacement Strategy
20.7.2 Pinned Blocks
20.7.3 Forced Output Blocks
20.8 File Organization
20.8.1 File Volatility
20.8.2 File Activity
20.8.3 File Query
20.8.4 File Size
20.8.5 Data Currency
20.9 File Structure
20.10 Record Types
20.10.1 Fixed Length Records
20.10.2 Variable Length Records
20.10.2.1 Records Having Variable Length Fields
20.10.2.2 Records Having Repeating Fields
20.10.2.3 Records Having Optional Fields
20.10.2.4 File Containing Records of Different Record Types
20.10.2.5 Implementation of Variable Length Records
20.11 Summary
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21. Indexing and Hashing
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Indexing
21.2.1 Ordered Indexes
21.2.1.1 Primary Index
21.2.1.2 Secondary Indexes
21.2.1.3 B+-Tree Indexes
21.2.1.4 B-Tree Indexes
21.3 Hashing
21.3.1 Internal Hashing
21.3.1.1 Open Addressing
21.3.1.2 Chaining
21.3.1.3 Multiple Hashing
21.3.2 External Hashing
21.3.3 Dynamic Hashing
21.3.3.1 Extensible Hashing
21.3.3.2 Linear Hashing
21.4 Summary
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22. Database Security
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Database Environment
22.3 Data Security Risks
22.3.1 Data Tampering
22.3.2 Eavesdropping and Data Theft
22.3.3 Falsifying User Identities
22.3.4 Password-related Threats
22.3.5 Unauthorized Access to Tables and Columns
22.3.6 Unauthorized Access to Data Rows
22.3.7 Lack of Accountability
22.3.8 Complex User Management Requirements
22.4 Dimensions of Database Security
22.5 Data Security Requirements
22.5.1 Confidentiality
22.5.2 Integrity
22.5.3 Availability
22.6 Database Users
22.7 Protecting the Data within the Database
22.7.1 Database Privileges
22.7.1.1 System Privileges
22.7.1.2 Object Privileges
22.7.2 Roles
22.7.2.1 Uses for Roles
22.8 Granting and Revoking Privileges and Roles
22.8.1 The GRANT Command
22.8.2 The REVOKE Command
22.9 Data Encryption
22.10 Database Integrity
22.11 System Availability
22.12 Best Security Practices
22.13 Network Security
22.13.1 Protecting Data during Transmission
22.13.1.1 Controlling Access within the Network
22.13.1.2 Encrypting Data for Network Transmission
22.13.1.3 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol
22.13.1.4 Firewalls
22.14 Authenticating Users to the Database
22.15 Security Auditing
22.16 Summary
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23. Transaction Management and Concurrency Control
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Transactions
23.3 Transaction Properties (ACID Properties)
23.3.1 Atomicity
23.3.2 Consistency
23.3.3 Isolation
23.3.4 Durability
23.4 Database Structure
23.5 Transaction States
23.6 Concurrency Control
23.6.1 Multiple Update Problem
23.6.2 Uncommitted Dependency Problem
23.6.3 Incorrect Analysis Problem
23.7 Serializability
23.7.1 View Serializability
23.8 Recoverability
23.8.1 Recoverable Schedules
23.8.2 Noncascading Schedules
23.8.3 Strict Schedules
23.9 Concurrency Control Schemes
23.9.1 Locking
23.9.2 Two-phase Locking
23.9.3 Deadlock
23.9.4 Granularity
23.9.5 Timestamps and Timestamp-based protocols
23.9.6 Optimistic Techniques
23.10 Transaction Management in SQL
23.11 Transactions and Recovery
23.12 User-defined Transactions
23.13 The COMMIT Command
23.14 The ROLLBACK Command
23.15 The SAVEPOINT Command
23.16 Summary
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24. Backup and Recovery
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Database Backups
24.3 Causes of Failures
24.4 Why Plan Backups?
24.5 Hardware Protection and Redundancy
24.6 Transaction Logs
24.7 Importance of Backups
24.8 Database Recovery
24.9 Data Storage
24.10 Data Access
24.11 Recovery and Atomicity
24.12 Recovery Concepts and Terminology
24.13 Recovery Facilities
24.13.1 Backup mechanism
24.14 Logging
24.14.1 Checkpointing
24.15 Recovery Techniques
24.15.1 Deferred Update
24.15.2 Immediate Update
24.15.3 Shadow Paging
24.16 Detached Transaction Actions
24.17 Recovery in Multi-database Systems
24.17.1 Two-phase Commit Protocol
24.18 Database Recovery from Catastrophic Failures
24.19 Summary
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25. Client/Server Databases
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Benefits of Client/Server Computing
25.2.1 Adaptability
25.2.2 Reduced Operating Costs
25.2.3 Platform Independence
25.2.4 Better Return on Computing Investment
25.2.5 Improved Performance
25.2.6 Easier Data Access and Processing
25.2.7 Decentralized Operations
25.3 Costs of Client/Server Computing
25.3.1 New Hardware
25.3.2 New Software
25.3.3 New Networking
25.3.4 New Training
25.4 Application Architectures
25.4.1 Two-tiered Architecture
25.4.2 Three-tiered Architecture
25.4.2.1 Presentation (GUI) or User services
25.4.2.2 Business Services Tier or Business Rules
25.4.2.3 Data Services Tier or Business Data
25.5 Summary
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26. Distributed Databases
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Distributed Databases
26.3 Distributed Data Storage
26.4 Advantages of Distributed Databases
26.4.1 Local Control of Local Data
26.4.2 Transparency
26.4.3 Improved Reliability and Availability
26.4.4 Performance Improvement
26.4.5 Better Response Times
26.4.6 Modularity
26.4.7 Improved Scalability
26.4.8 Site Autonomy
26.4.9 Ability to Share Data
26.4.10 Direct User Interaction
26.5 Disadvantages of Distributed Databases
26.5.1 Complexity
26.5.2 Cost
26.5.3 Technical Problems of Connecting Dissimilar Machines
26.5.4 Need for Sophisticated Communication Systems
26.5.5 Data Integrity and Security Problems
26.5.6 Lack of Professional Support
26.6 Client/Server Database Architecture
26.7 Two-phase Commit Mechanism
26.7.1 Prepare Phase
26.7.2 Execute Phase
26.8 Functions of Distributed Database Management Systems
26.9 Distributed Systems—An Example
26.10 Summary
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27. Hierarchical and Network Databases
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Hierarchical Databases
27.3 Network Model
27.4 Summary
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28. Object-oriented and Object-relational Databases
28.1 Object-Oriented Databases
28.1.1 The Need for Object-oriented Databases
28.1.2 Characteristics of Object-oriented Databases
28.1.3 When Should You Use an ODBMS?
28.1.4 Comparisons of ODBMS to RDBMS
28.1.4.1 Advantages
28.1.4.2 Disadvantages
28.2 Object-relational Databases
28.2.1 Object-relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMS)
28.2.2 ORDBMS Data Model
28.2.3 ORDBMS Query Language
28.2.4 Object-relational Features
28.3 Comparison between OODBMS and ORDBMS
28.4 Summary
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29. Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Parallel Processing for Integrated Operations
29.3 Parallel Databases
29.4 The Key Elements of Parallel Processing
29.4.1 Speedup
29.4.2 Scale-up
29.4.3 Synchronization
29.4.3.1 Cost of Synchronization
29.4.4 Locking
29.4.5 Messaging
29.5 Benefits of Parallel Processing
29.5.1 Enhanced Throughput—Scale-up
29.5.2 Improved Response Time—Speedup
29.6 Benefits of Parallel Database
29.7 Summary
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30. Temporal, Spatial, Multimedia and Web Databases
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Temporal Databases
30.2.1 Temporal Database Management Systems
30.2.2 Temporal and Conventional Databases
30.3 Spatial Data
30.3.1 Spatial Databases
30.3.2 Spatial Data Model
30.3.2.1 Element
30.3.2.2 Geometry
30.3.2.3 Layer
30.3.3 Spatial Queries
30.3.3.1 Range Query or Proximity Query
30.3.3.2 Nearest Neighbor Query or Adjacency
30.3.3.3 Spatial Joins or Overlays
30.4 Multimedia Databases
30.4.1 Multimedia Sources
30.4.1.1 Image
30.4.1.2 Video
30.4.1.3 Document
30.4.1.4 Audio
30.5 Web Databases
30.5.1 Accessing Databases on the Web
30.6 Summary
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31. Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Knowledge Discovery
31.3 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)
31.4 Basic Features of KDD
31.5 Advantages of KDD
31.6 Phases of KDD
31.7 KDD Techniques
31.7.1 Probabilistic Approach
31.7.2 Statistical Approach
31.7.3 Classification Approach
31.7.4 Deviation and Trend Analysis
31.7.5 Other Approaches
31.7.6 Hybrid Approach
31.8 Summary
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32. Data Warehouses and Data Marts
32.1 Introduction
32.1.1 Data in the Data Warehouse
32.1.2 Data Warehouse Architecture
32.1.2.1 Summarized Data
32.1.2.2 Current Detail
32.1.2.3 System of Record
32.1.2.4 Integration and Transformation Programs
32.1.2.5 Archives
32.1.2.6 Metadata.
32.1.3 Data Warehousing System
32.1.4 Advantages of a Data Warehouse
32.2 Data Marts
32.2.1 Advantages of Data Marts
32.3 Summary
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33. Data Mining and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
33.1 Introduction
33.1.1 What is Data Mining?
33.1.2 Evolution of Data Mining
33.1.3 Data Mining Process
33.1.4 Tasks Solved by Data Mining
33.1.5 Advantages of Data Mining
33.1.6 Automated Prediction of Trends and Behaviors
33.1.6.1 Automated Discovery of Previously Unknown Patterns
33.1.6.2 Databases can be Larger in Both Depth and Breadth
33.1.7 Technologies Used in Data Mining
33.2 On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
33.2.1 Benefits of OLAP
33.2.2 Different Styles of OLAP
33.3 Summary
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A. Model Question Papers
Model Question Paper - I
Model Question Paper - II
Model Question Paper - III
Model Question Paper - IV
Model Question Paper - V
Model Question Paper - VI
Model Question Paper - VII
Model Question Paper - VIII
B. Elements of the Graphical User Interface
C. Overview of PL/SQL
D. Introduction to MS-Access
Index
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