Electronics & Microprocessors

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Student-friendly and comprehensive, this book is designed for an introductory course on the paper Electronics and Microprocessors. It is targeted at Mechanical, Automobile and Production engineering students of Anna University.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Unit 1 Semiconductors and Rectifiers
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Theory of Semiconductors
- 1.3 Basic Semiconductor Crystal Structure
- 1.4 Terminologies in Energy Band
- 1.5 Classification of Solids Based on Energy Band Theory
  - 1.5.1 Conductors
  - 1.5.2 Insulators
  - 1.5.3 Semiconductors
- 1.6 Classification of Semiconductors
  - 1.6.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors
  - 1.6.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors
- 1.7 PN Junction
  - 1.7.1 Diode Structure
  - 1.7.2 PN Junction Structure
  - 1.7.3 I-V Characteristics of PN Diode
  - 1.7.4 Diode Equation
  - 1.7.5 Drift and Diffusion Currents
  - 1.7.6 Applications of PN Diode
- 1.8 Zener Diode
  - 1.8.1 Zener Diode Symbol
  - 1.8.2 I-V Characteristics of Zener Diode
  - 1.8.3 Effects and Applications
- 1.9 Voltage Regulation Using Zener Diode
  - 1.9.1 Simple Zener Diode Circuit for Voltage Regulator
  - 1.9.2 Voltage Regulation Types
- 1.10 Rectifiers
  - 1.10.1 Half Wave Rectifiers
  - 1.10.2 Full Wave Rectifiers
  - 1.10.3 Bridge Rectifiers
- Review Questions
Unit 2 Transistors and Amplifiers
- 2.1 Introduction
  - 2.1.1 The Junction Transistor
- 2.2 Bipolar Transistors
  - 2.2.1 Construction of a Bipolar Transistor
  - 2.2.2 Terminals and Operations
  - 2.2.3 General Operations
  - 2.2.4 Working Principle of NPN Transistor
  - 2.2.5 Working Principle of PNP Transistor
  - 2.2.6 Unbiased Transistor
- 2.3 Configuration and characteristics of BJT
  - 2.3.1 Common Base Configuration
  - 2.3.2 Common Emitter Configuration
  - 2.3.3 Common Collector Configuration
  - 2.3.4 Comparison of CB, CE, CC Configurations
- 2.4 Biasing Circuits
  - 2.4.1 Fixed Bias (Base-Current Bias)
  - 2.4.2 Self-Bias
- 2.5 Amplifiers
  - 2.5.1 Ideal Amplifier Model
  - 2.5.2 Comparison of Amplifier classes
- 2.6 Field Effect Transistors
  - 2.6.1 Operations of N Channel
  - 2.6.2 Applications of FET
  - 2.6.3 Advantages of FET Over BJT
  - 2.6.1 Comparison of N-channel JFET with P-channel JFET
- 2.7 Thyristors
  - 2.7.1 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
  - 2.7.2 Diode AC Switch (DIAC)
  - 2.7.3 Triode AC Switch (TRIAC)
  - 2.7.4 Comparison of SCR and TRIAC
  - 2.7.5 Uni Junction Transistor (UJT)
- 2.8 Switching Transistors
- 2.9 Concept of Feedback: Negative Feedback
  - 2.9.1 Temperature Control
  - 2.9.2 Motor Control
- Review Questions
Unit 3 Digital Electronics
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Number System
  - 3.2.1 Decimal System
  - 3.2.2 Binary System
  - 3.2.3 Octal Number System
  - 3.2.4 The Hexadecimal Number System
  - 3.2.5 Binary Addition and Subtraction
- 3.3 Logic Gates
  - 3.3.1 Basic Logical Functions and Gates
  - 3.3.2 Derived Logical Functions and Gates
- 3.4 Boolean Algebra
  - 3.4.1 Basic Law of Boolean Algebra
  - 3.4.2 Properties of Boolean Algebra
  - 3.4.3 De Morgan's Theorem
  - 3.4.4 Implications of De Morgan's Theorem
  - 3.4.5 Circuits Using NAND and NOR Gates
  - 3.4.6 Boolean Expression Simplification
- 3.5 The Exclusive-OR Function
- 3.6 Adders and Subtracters
  - 3.6.1 Half Adder
  - 3.6.2 Full Adder
  - 3.6.3 Half Subtracter
  - 3.6.4 Full Subtracter
- 3.7 Sequential Logic Circuits
  - 3.7.1 Classification of Sequential Logic Circuits
  - 3.7.2 Latches and Flip-Flops
- 3.8 Flip-Flops
  - 3.8.1 SR Flip-Flop
  - 3.8.2 D Flip-Flop
  - 3.8.3 JK Flip-Flop
  - 3.8.4 T Flip-Flop
  - 3.8.5 Applications of Flip-Flop
- 3.9 Registers
  - 3.9.1 Serial In - Serial Out Shift Registers
  - 3.9.2 Serial In - Parallel Out Shift Registers
  - 3.9.3 Parallel In - Serial Out Shift Registers
  - 3.9.4 Parallel In - Parallel Out Shift Registers
  - 3.9.5 Shift Register Counters
  - 3.9.6 Applications of Shift Registers
- 3.10 Counters
  - 3.10.1 Asynchronous (Ripple) Counters
  - 3.10.2 Synchronous Counters
  - 3.10.3 Applications
- 3.11 Analog/Digital Conversion
  - 3.11.1 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog I/O Concepts
  - 3.11.2 A/D Resolution
  - 3.11.3 D/A Conversion
- Solved Problems
- Exercise Problems
- Review Questions
Unit 4 8085 Microprocessor
- 4.1 History
- 4.2 Microcomputer
  - 4.2.1 Memory
  - 4.2.2 Central Processing Unit
  - 4.2.3 Input/Output
- 4.3 Microprocessor
  - 4.3.1 Features of 8085
- 4.4 Architecture of 8085
  - 4.4.1 The ALU
  - 4.4.2 Register Array
  - 4.4.3 I/O (Input/Output)
  - 4.4.4 Timing and Control Unit
  - 4.4.5 Instruction Register and Decoder
  - 4.4.6 Address/Data Buffer
  - 4.4.7 Peripheral or Externally Initiated Operations
  - 4.4.8 Incrementer/Decrementer Address Latch
  - 4.4.9 Memory
- 4.5 Pinout Diagram of 8085
- 4.6 Instruction Set of 8085
  - 4.6.1 Instruction Classification
  - 4.6.2 Instruction Format
  - 4.6.3 Overview of the 8085 Instruction Set
- 4.7 Addressing Modes of 8085
- 4.8 8085 Instruction Set Summary
- 4.9 Simple Programs Using Arithmetic and Logical Operations
- Review Questions
Unit 5 Interfacing and Applications of Microprocessor
- 5.1 Basic Interfacing Concepts
- 5.2 Interfacing of Input-Output Devices
  - 5.2.1 I/O Bus and Interface Modules
- 5.3 Applications of Microprocessors
- 5.4 Interfacing Peripherals
  - 5.4.1 Overview of 8255
  - 5.4.3 Features
  - 5.4.4 Control Word Format
- 5.5 Traffic Light Controller Using 8085 Microprocessor
  - 5.5.1 Design for Traffic Light Controller
  - 5.5.2 Source program for Traffic Light Control Using 8255 Microprocessor
- 5.6 Temperature Control System
  - 5.6.1 Procedure
  - 5.6.2 Assembly Language Program for Temperature Control System
- 5.7 Interfacing Stepper Motor to 8086 Using 8255
  - 5.7.1 Types of Stepper Motors
  - 5.7.2 Principle
  - 5.7.3 Assembly Language Program
- Review Questions
Appendix-I
Appendix-II
References
Index