• Contents

  Preface

  Chapter 1: Need for Energy

  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Human Development
  1.3 Classification of Energy Resources
   1.3.1 Coal
   1.3.2 Petroleum
   1.3.3 Natural Gas
   1.3.4 Hydro Power
   1.3.5 Solar Energy
   1.3.6 Biomass
   1.3.7 Wave Energy
   1.3.8 Tidal Energy
   1.3.9 Wind Energy
   1.3.10 Geothermal Energy
   1.3.11 Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD)
   1.3.12 Hydrogen as a Fuel
  1.4 Overview of Energy Resources
  1.5 Environment
  1.6 Water Energy Nexus
  1.7 Energy Security and International Trade
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 2: Principles of Energy Conversion

  2.1 Introduction
  2.2 Forms of Energy
   2.2.1 Mechanical Energy
   2.2.2 Energy of Atoms and Molecules
   2.2.3 Chemical and Nuclear Energy
   2.2.4 Electric and Magnetic Energy
   2.2.5 Total Energy
  2.3 Concept of Reversibility
  2.4 The Steam Cycle
   2.4.1 Rankine Cycle
   2.4.2 Reheat Cycle
   2.4.3 Regenerative Cycle
  2.5 The Automobile Cycle
  2.6 The Brayton Cycle
  2.7 Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycles
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 3: Energy From Coal

  3.1 Introduction
  3.2 Coal Reserves
  3.3 Coal Mining
  3.4 Coal Transportation
  3.5 Coal Use in Power Generation
   3.5.1 Coal Handling
   3.5.2 Boiler
   3.5.3 Steam Turbine
   3.5.4 Condenser Cooling
   3.5.5 Make up Water and Deaerator
   3.5.6 Flue Gas and Ash Handling
  3.6 Flue Gas Treatment
   3.6.1 Particulate Control
   3.6.2 NOx Removal
   3.6.3 SO2 Control
   3.6.4 SO3 /H2SO4 Control
  3.7 Coal Liquefaction
  3.8 Heat Balance
  3.9 Impact on Environment
   3.9.1 Air Pollution
   3.9.2 Water Pollution
   3.9.3 Impact on Plants and Animals
   3.9.4 Indirect Environmental Impacts
   3.9.5 Deaths and Health Effects
  3.10 Thermal Pollution
  3.11 Clean Coal Technology
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 4: Power From Water

  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 Hydroelectric Plant
   4.2.1 Hydroelectric Resources
   4.2.2 Issues with Hydropower
  4.3 Tidal Power
   4.3.1 Issues with Tidal Systems
  4.4 Ocean Currents
   4.4.1 Issues with Ocean Currents
  4.5 Wave Energy
   4.5.1 Offshore Wave Dragon System
   4.5.2 Oscillating Water Column
   4.5.3 Float or Buoy Systems
   4.5.4 Issues with Wave Energy
  4.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
   4.6.1 Issues with OTEC
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 5: Petroleum - Oil and Natural Gas

  5.1 Introduction
  5.2 Resources
  5.3 Drilling Oil Wells
   5.3.1 Getting the Oil Out
   5.3.2 Ultra Deepwater Operations
  5.4 Uses for Petroleum
  5.5 Environmental Issues
   5.5.1 Oil and Gas Pollution
   5.5.2 Environmental Effect of Drilling Fluid
   5.5.3 Environmental Effect of Seismic Activities
   5.5.4 Environmental Effect of Oil Spills into the Seas
   5.5.5 Landscape Changes from Well Pads and Roads
   5.5.6 Haze, Toxic Chemicals and Dust
   5.5.7 Transportation of Petroleum
  5.6 Shale Oil/Gas
   5.6.1 Environmental Issues with Shale Oil/Gas
  5.7 Global Warming Emissions - Natural Gas
  5.8 Air Pollution - Natural Gas
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 6: Biofuels

  6.1 Introduction
  6.2 Biomass as a Form of Solar Energy
  6.3 Biofuels
   6.3.1 Gasohol/Ethanol
   6.3.2 Biodiesel
   6.3.3 Ethanol
  6.4 Energy Crops
   6.4.1 Woody Crops
   6.4.2 Agricultural Crops
   6.4.3 Algae
   6.4.4 Yield of Biomass
  6.5 Co-products in Biomass Production
  6.6 Issues with Biomass
   6.6.1 Land Use
   6.6.2 Use of Fertilizers
   6.6.3 Biomass Production Cycle
   6.6.4 GHG Emissions
   6.6.5 Ash from Biomass Combustion
   6.6.6 Health Effects
  6.7 The Future of Biomass for Energy Production
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 7: Solar Energy

  7.1 Introduction
  7.2 History of Solar Energy Utilisation
  7.3 Solar Thermal
   7.3.1 Flat-plate Collectors
   7.3.2 Parabolic Collectors
   7.3.3 Central Tower Receivers
  7.4 Issues with Solar Thermal
   7.4.1 Land and Water Requirements
   7.4.2 Energy Losses
   7.4.3 Environmental Concerns
  7.5 Photovoltaic (PV)
   7.5.1 Basics of Solar Cells
   7.5.2 Efficiency of Solar Cells
   7.5.3 Issues with Photovoltaic
  7.6 Utilisation of Solar Energy
   7.6.1 Solar Air Conditioning
   7.6.2 Solar Stills
   7.6.3 Solar Dryers
   7.6.4 Solar Ponds
   7.6.5 Passive Solar Heating
   7.6.6 Solar Updraft Tower
  7.7 Heat Transfer Fluids for Solar Collectors
   7.7.1 Low Temperature Collectors
   7.7.2 Medium Temperature Collectors
   7.7.3 High Temperature Collectors
  7.8 General Issues with Solar Power
  7.9 Solar Power Potential in India
  7.10 Futuristic Solar Utilisation
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 8: Wind Energy

  8.1 Introduction
  8.2 Wind Patterns
  8.3 Types of Wind Turbines
   8.3.1 System Components
   8.3.2 Optimum Wind Turbine Spacing
  8.4 Wind Power and Efficiency
  8.5 Grid-connected Systems
  8.6 Environmental Effects of Wind Power Stations
   8.6.1 Wind Turbine Noise
   8.6.2 Mechanical Noise
   8.6.3 Electromagnetic Interference
   8.6.4 Effects on Animals/Birds
  8.7 India’s Wind Power Potential
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 9: Geothermal Energy

  9.1 Introduction
  9.2 History of Geothermal Energy
  9.3 Earth’s Core
  9.4 Geothermal Wells
  9.5 Types of Geothermal Resources
   9.5.1 Dry Steam
   9.5.2 Single-Flashing Units
   9.5.3 Dual Flashing Units
   9.5.4 Binary Cycle
  9.6 Geothermal Plants
  9.7 Uses for Geothermal Energy
  9.8 Issues with Geothermal Energy
   9.8.1 Environmental Impact
  9.9 Future of Geothermal Energy
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 10: Nuclear Energy

  10.1 Introduction
  10.2 Basics of Nuclear Physics
   10.2.1 Isotopes
   10.2.2 Binding Energy Concept
   10.2.3 Radioactivity
  10.3 Fission and Fusion
   10.3.1 Fission Process
   10.3.2 Fast and Thermal Neutron Fission
  10.4 Energy Release
  10.5 Basic Components of a Nuclear Reactor
   10.5.1 Control
   10.5.2 Safety
   10.5.3 Radiation Monitoring
  10.6 Reactor Core
  10.7 Coolant
  10.8 Control Rods
  10.9 Moderator
  10.10 Other Core Components
  10.11 Containment
  10.12 Steam Generator and Steam Water System
  10.13 Fuel Handling
  10.14 Types of Nuclear Reactors
   10.14.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
   10.14.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
   10.14.3 CANDU Reactors
   10.14.4 Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)
   10.14.5 Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors (AGR)
  10.15 Issues with Nuclear Power
  10.16 Points Favouring Nuclear Power
  10.17 Prospects and Concerns
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 11: Energy Storage

  11.1 Introduction
  11.2 Electrical Energy Storage (EES)
  11.3 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
  11.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
  11.5 Battery Systems
   11.5.1 Lead-acid Batteries
   11.5.2 Nickel Cadmium Batteries
   11.5.3 Sodium Sulphur
   11.5.4 Sodium Nickel Chloride
   11.5.5 Lithium Ion Batteries
   11.5.6 Flow Batteries
  11.6 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
  11.7 Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell
  11.8 Comparison of EES Systems
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Chapter 12: Comparison of Energy Sources

  12.1 Introduction
  12.2 Land and Energy Use
  12.3 Water Use
  12.4 GHG Emissions
  12.5 Events in Energy Sector
  12.6 Health Risks
  12.7 Renewables in the Grid
  12.8 Sustainable Development
  12.9 Life Cycle Impact
  12.10 Decision Making Approaches
  Summary
  Bibliography
  Assignment

  Annexures

  Annexure A: Other Pollution Contributors
  Annexure B: A Survey of Multi-criteria Decision-making Techniques

  Additional Reading

  Index

Dr. G. Vaidyanathan is a retired Outstanding Scientist and Director, Fast Reactor Technology from the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India. His experience of 38 years includes Design, Analysis, Experimentation and Project Management in the area of nuclear energy. He has been involved in the Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors and Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, which form the main stay of Indian Nuclear Power Programme. He was a visiting professor at SRM University for nearly 8 years, where he taught the subjects on Nuclear Engineering, safety, and Alternative systems of Energy. He was also a guest faculty in Nuclear Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, where he taught post graduate students. He has also taught at Amity University and National Institute of Technologies.