Chemical Analysis in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy
Chemical Analysis in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy
ISBN 9788182093270
 Publication Date

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This book inspired by the author's association with the non-ferrous mettalurgical industry for over 40 years and passion for chemical analysis. it provides ready to adopt analytical procedures covering a comprehensive number of non-ferrous metals from aluminium to zinc as well as a wide range of process chemicals used in non-ferrous metallurgical industries ranging from activated carbon to zinc dust. A significant highlight of this book is its simplified approach. Complex analytical techniques and processes have been discussed with illustrations and references to help the reader grasp the subject with.

Salient Features

• Adequate coverage of analysis on various metals , non-metals present in the raw-material, intermediate products, and wastes.

• Methods of chemical analysis based on standard procedures and tested practices.

• Provides potential area of research in the development of analytical methods or non-ferrous extractive metallurgical industries.

• Easy to navigate and provides appropriate flow sheets, block diagrams, illustrations, references on various metallurgical operations and analytical techniques.

  • Cover
  • Halftitle Page
  • About the Author
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Nonferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation Chennai, India
  • Quick Reference Guide
  • Unit 1 Process Metallurgy and Flow Sheets
    • Aluminium
    • Cadmium
    • Cobalt
    • Copper
    • Lead
    • Nickel
    • Silver
    • Zinc
    • Mercury
    • Heavy Metal Poisoning
  • Unit 2 Test Methods
    • Aluminium
    • Ammonium
    • Antimony
    • Arsenic
    • Bauxite
    • Bismuth
    • Cadmium
    • Calcium
    • Carbon
    • Chlorine
    • Cobalt
    • Copper
    • Fluorine
    • Gallium
    • Germanium
    • Gold
    • Indium
    • Iron
    • Lead
    • Magnesium
    • Manganese
    • Mercury
    • Molybdenum
    • Nickel
    • Silicon/Silica
    • Silver
    • Sulphur
    • Thallium
    • Tin
    • Titanium
    • Zinc
    • Special Materials
    • Special Notes
  • Unit 3 Test Methods of Process Chemicals
    • Activated Carbon
    • Aluminium Trifluoride
    • Alumino-Ferric
    • Ammonium Sulphate and Ammonium Chloride
    • Ascorbic Acid
    • β-Naphthol (2-Naphthol)
    • Bleaching Powder
    • Bone Glue/Gum Arabic
    • Borax (Disodium Tetraborate)
    • Calcium Chloride
    • Caustic Soda
    • Ceramic Tower Packing
    • Coal and Coke
    • Copper Sulphate
    • Cryolite
    • Dimethylglyoxime
    • Ferrous Sulphate, Heptahydrate
    • Fluorspar
    • Hydrated Lime
    • Ion-Exchange Resins
    • Iron Ore/Iron Pyrites
    • Limestone
    • Oleum
    • Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate
    • Potassium Potassium Chromate/Dichromate
    • Potassium Permanganate
    • Pyrolusite
    • Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous
    • Sodium Chloride (Common Salt)
    • Sodium Cyanide
    • Sodium Hypochlorite
    • Sodium Nitrate
    • Sodium Nitrite
    • Sodium Silicate
    • Sodium Sulphate
    • Sodium Sulphide
    • Sodium Sulphite, Anhydrous
    • Steel
    • Strontium Carbonate
    • Sulphuric Acid
    • Thiourea
    • Trisodium Phosphate
    • Vanadium Pentoxide
    • Xanthates
    • Zinc Sulphate
    • Zinc Dust
  • Unit 4 Chemists and Metallurgists Aid
    • Table of Important Elements
    • Conversion Factors
    • Titre Equivalents, Molecular and equivalent weights
    • pH values
    • Indicators for volumetric work and pH determination
    • Drying Agents and Freezing Mixtures, Vapour Pressure of water over sulphuric acid at 20oC
    • US, Imperial and Metric Equivalents
    • Sieve and Mesh Sizes
    • Electromotive Series and Electrochemical equivalents
    • Simple Alloys and Their Common Uses
    • Comparison of Detection of Limits
    • Recommended instrument parameters and working range for atomic absorption spectrometer
    • Standard Solutions and Standardization
    • Emission standard for copper, Lead & Zinc
    • Heavy metals in drinking water and their effects
    • Standard and Guidelines for Lead
    • Ambient Air Quality Standards
    • Environmental Standards for Lead Acid battery manufacturing Industry
    • Environmental Standards for Dry Cell Manufacturing Industry
    • General standards for discharge of Environmental Pollutants
    • Gas analysis
    • Smelter gas analysis
    • Sulphur dioxide gas analysis in non-ferrous metallurgical industries
  • Bibliography
  • Subject Index
  • Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation

R. Raghavan is a professionally qualified chemist with doctorate (Ph.D.) in inorganic chemistry and AMIIM (Metallurgical Engineering) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata. Presently he is the Chief Advisor to Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation, Chennai and is also part of the panel of Technical Assessors in chemical testing with National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL). He has been associated with Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), prime producers of major strategic non-ferrous metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium and silver for nearly 35 years in diverse roles and worked mining, smelting, and R&D units across India. He has also been associated with Non-ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, an autonomous R&D Centre at Hyderabad and published over 45 articles in reputed national and international journals in the field of process metallurgy and chemical analysis. He is a Chartered Chemist from Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.

R. Raghavan Obtained PhD from the Mohan Lal Sukhadia University of Udaipur in Chemistry and AMIIM (Graduate in Metallurgical Engineering equivalent) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata. A Professional Chartered Chemist and Metallurgist with a background in production, operations, research, and development. A proven record of accomplishments at each stage of his career.

Chemical Analysis in
Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy

About the Author

A professionally qualified chemist, Dr.Raghavan graduated from the University of Madras. He holds a postgraduate degree in chemistry and a Ph.D in Chemistry from the University of Udaipur and received professional metallurgical engineering qualification (AMIIM) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata.

In a career spanning over four decades, Dr.Raghavan started his career in 1965 at Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, a premier research institute. His industrial career started in 1968 when he joined Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), prime producers of major strategic non-ferrous metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium and silver. He has been associated with various HZL units for 35 years in diverse roles and worked in different smelting, mining and R&D units across India. After retirement from HZL, Dr.Raghavan was associated with Non-ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad for a period of 2 years.

The major focus area of Dr.Raghavan includes the recovery of metal values from non-ferrous smelter residues and wastes through eco-friendly, cost-effective and simple hydrometallurgical processes. He has developed pilot plant-proven processes for the recovery of lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver and antimony from smelter wastes, residues and other secondary sources of non-ferrous metals.

He is the chief Advisor to Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation, Chennai and has been empanelled as one of the Technical Assessors with National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).

The author has published 45 papers in national and international journals of repute in the field of process metallurgy and chemical analysis. He is a Chartered Chemist (CChem) from The Royal Society of Chemistry, London and an active member of various international bodies including The Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), ASTM International, USA, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists (ISAS), Bombay and Indian Institute of Metals (IIM), Kolkata.

Chemical Analysis in
Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy

R Raghavan

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

CHENNAI

Published by

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

No. 1-B, Second Main Road,

Ram Nagar South, Chennai - 600 091.

Phone: 91 44 4281 1452 , 4281 1349

Email: vijaynicole@airtelmail.in, www.vijaynicole.co.in

Order your copies from

Dr. R Raghavan

Chief Advisor

Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation

4D Abirami Meadow Land

Park Road, 32 UR Nagar, Padi

Chennai 600050, India

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN NON-FERROUS EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY

ISBN-13: 978-81-8209-327-0

ISBN-10: 81-8209-327-9

COPYRIGHT © 2012, Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers and copyright holders. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by publishers, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor copyright holders guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither publishers nor copyright holders shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that publishers and copyright holders are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

Laser typeset at: Maven Learning Private Limited, Chennai - 600 091.

Printed at: Max Printing Press, Chennai - 600 095

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Quick Reference Guide

Unit 1 Process Metallurgy and Flow Sheets

Aluminium

Cadmium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Nickel

Silver

Zinc

Mercury

Heavy Metal Poisoning

Unit 2 Test Methods

Aluminium

Ammonium

Antimony

Arsenic

Bauxite

Bismuth

Cadmium

Calcium

Carbon

Chlorine

Cobalt

Copper

Fluorine

Gallium

Germanium

Gold

Indium

Iron

Lead

Magnesium

Manganese

Mercury

Molybdenum

Nickel

Silicon/Silica

Silver

Sulphur

Thallium

Tin

Titanium

Zinc

Special Materials

Special Notes

Unit 3 Test Methods of Process Chemicals

Activated Carbon

Aluminium Trifluoride

Alumino-Ferric

Ammonium Sulphate and Ammonium Chloride

Ascorbic Acid

β-Naphthol (2-Naphthol)

Bleaching Powder

Bone Glue/Gum Arabic

Borax (Disodium Tetraborate)

Calcium Chloride

Caustic Soda

Ceramic Tower Packing

Coal and Coke

Copper Sulphate

Cryolite

Dimethylglyoxime

Ferrous Sulphate, Heptahydrate

Fluorspar

Hydrated Lime

Ion-Exchange Resins

Iron Ore/Iron Pyrites

Limestone

Oleum

Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate

Potassium Potassium Chromate/Dichromate

Potassium Permanganate

Pyrolusite

Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous

Sodium Chloride (Common Salt)

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Nitrate

Sodium Nitrite

Sodium Silicate

Sodium Sulphate

Sodium Sulphide

Sodium Sulphite, Anhydrous

Steel

Strontium Carbonate

Sulphuric Acid

Thiourea

Trisodium Phosphate

Vanadium Pentoxide

Xanthates

Zinc Sulphate

Zinc Dust

Unit 4 Chemists and Metallurgists Aid

Table of Important Elements

Conversion Factors

Titre Equivalents, Molecular and equivalent weights

pH values

Indicators for volumetric work and pH determination

Drying Agents and Freezing Mixtures, Vapour Pressure of water over sulphuric acid at 20oC

US, Imperial and Metric Equivalents

Sieve and Mesh Sizes

Electromotive Series and Electrochemical equivalents

Simple Alloys and Their Common Uses

Comparison of Detection of Limits

Recommended instrument parameters and working range for atomic absorption spectrometer

Standard Solutions and Standardization

Emission standard for copper, Lead & Zinc

Heavy metals in drinking water and their effects

Standard and Guidelines for Lead

Ambient Air Quality Standards

Environmental Standards for Lead Acid battery manufacturing Industry

Environmental Standards for Dry Cell Manufacturing Industry

General standards for discharge of Environmental Pollutants

Gas analysis

Smelter gas analysis

Sulphur dioxide gas analysis in non-ferrous metallurgical industries

Rating
Description

This book inspired by the author's association with the non-ferrous mettalurgical industry for over 40 years and passion for chemical analysis. it provides ready to adopt analytical procedures covering a comprehensive number of non-ferrous metals from aluminium to zinc as well as a wide range of process chemicals used in non-ferrous metallurgical industries ranging from activated carbon to zinc dust. A significant highlight of this book is its simplified approach. Complex analytical techniques and processes have been discussed with illustrations and references to help the reader grasp the subject with.

Salient Features

• Adequate coverage of analysis on various metals , non-metals present in the raw-material, intermediate products, and wastes.

• Methods of chemical analysis based on standard procedures and tested practices.

• Provides potential area of research in the development of analytical methods or non-ferrous extractive metallurgical industries.

• Easy to navigate and provides appropriate flow sheets, block diagrams, illustrations, references on various metallurgical operations and analytical techniques.

Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Halftitle Page
  • About the Author
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Nonferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation Chennai, India
  • Quick Reference Guide
  • Unit 1 Process Metallurgy and Flow Sheets
    • Aluminium
    • Cadmium
    • Cobalt
    • Copper
    • Lead
    • Nickel
    • Silver
    • Zinc
    • Mercury
    • Heavy Metal Poisoning
  • Unit 2 Test Methods
    • Aluminium
    • Ammonium
    • Antimony
    • Arsenic
    • Bauxite
    • Bismuth
    • Cadmium
    • Calcium
    • Carbon
    • Chlorine
    • Cobalt
    • Copper
    • Fluorine
    • Gallium
    • Germanium
    • Gold
    • Indium
    • Iron
    • Lead
    • Magnesium
    • Manganese
    • Mercury
    • Molybdenum
    • Nickel
    • Silicon/Silica
    • Silver
    • Sulphur
    • Thallium
    • Tin
    • Titanium
    • Zinc
    • Special Materials
    • Special Notes
  • Unit 3 Test Methods of Process Chemicals
    • Activated Carbon
    • Aluminium Trifluoride
    • Alumino-Ferric
    • Ammonium Sulphate and Ammonium Chloride
    • Ascorbic Acid
    • β-Naphthol (2-Naphthol)
    • Bleaching Powder
    • Bone Glue/Gum Arabic
    • Borax (Disodium Tetraborate)
    • Calcium Chloride
    • Caustic Soda
    • Ceramic Tower Packing
    • Coal and Coke
    • Copper Sulphate
    • Cryolite
    • Dimethylglyoxime
    • Ferrous Sulphate, Heptahydrate
    • Fluorspar
    • Hydrated Lime
    • Ion-Exchange Resins
    • Iron Ore/Iron Pyrites
    • Limestone
    • Oleum
    • Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate
    • Potassium Potassium Chromate/Dichromate
    • Potassium Permanganate
    • Pyrolusite
    • Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous
    • Sodium Chloride (Common Salt)
    • Sodium Cyanide
    • Sodium Hypochlorite
    • Sodium Nitrate
    • Sodium Nitrite
    • Sodium Silicate
    • Sodium Sulphate
    • Sodium Sulphide
    • Sodium Sulphite, Anhydrous
    • Steel
    • Strontium Carbonate
    • Sulphuric Acid
    • Thiourea
    • Trisodium Phosphate
    • Vanadium Pentoxide
    • Xanthates
    • Zinc Sulphate
    • Zinc Dust
  • Unit 4 Chemists and Metallurgists Aid
    • Table of Important Elements
    • Conversion Factors
    • Titre Equivalents, Molecular and equivalent weights
    • pH values
    • Indicators for volumetric work and pH determination
    • Drying Agents and Freezing Mixtures, Vapour Pressure of water over sulphuric acid at 20oC
    • US, Imperial and Metric Equivalents
    • Sieve and Mesh Sizes
    • Electromotive Series and Electrochemical equivalents
    • Simple Alloys and Their Common Uses
    • Comparison of Detection of Limits
    • Recommended instrument parameters and working range for atomic absorption spectrometer
    • Standard Solutions and Standardization
    • Emission standard for copper, Lead & Zinc
    • Heavy metals in drinking water and their effects
    • Standard and Guidelines for Lead
    • Ambient Air Quality Standards
    • Environmental Standards for Lead Acid battery manufacturing Industry
    • Environmental Standards for Dry Cell Manufacturing Industry
    • General standards for discharge of Environmental Pollutants
    • Gas analysis
    • Smelter gas analysis
    • Sulphur dioxide gas analysis in non-ferrous metallurgical industries
  • Bibliography
  • Subject Index
  • Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation
For Authors

R. Raghavan is a professionally qualified chemist with doctorate (Ph.D.) in inorganic chemistry and AMIIM (Metallurgical Engineering) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata. Presently he is the Chief Advisor to Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation, Chennai and is also part of the panel of Technical Assessors in chemical testing with National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL). He has been associated with Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), prime producers of major strategic non-ferrous metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium and silver for nearly 35 years in diverse roles and worked mining, smelting, and R&D units across India. He has also been associated with Non-ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, an autonomous R&D Centre at Hyderabad and published over 45 articles in reputed national and international journals in the field of process metallurgy and chemical analysis. He is a Chartered Chemist from Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.

Biographical note

R. Raghavan Obtained PhD from the Mohan Lal Sukhadia University of Udaipur in Chemistry and AMIIM (Graduate in Metallurgical Engineering equivalent) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata. A Professional Chartered Chemist and Metallurgist with a background in production, operations, research, and development. A proven record of accomplishments at each stage of his career.

Excerpt

Chemical Analysis in
Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy

About the Author

A professionally qualified chemist, Dr.Raghavan graduated from the University of Madras. He holds a postgraduate degree in chemistry and a Ph.D in Chemistry from the University of Udaipur and received professional metallurgical engineering qualification (AMIIM) from Indian Institute of Metals, Kolkata.

In a career spanning over four decades, Dr.Raghavan started his career in 1965 at Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, a premier research institute. His industrial career started in 1968 when he joined Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), prime producers of major strategic non-ferrous metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium and silver. He has been associated with various HZL units for 35 years in diverse roles and worked in different smelting, mining and R&D units across India. After retirement from HZL, Dr.Raghavan was associated with Non-ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad for a period of 2 years.

The major focus area of Dr.Raghavan includes the recovery of metal values from non-ferrous smelter residues and wastes through eco-friendly, cost-effective and simple hydrometallurgical processes. He has developed pilot plant-proven processes for the recovery of lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver and antimony from smelter wastes, residues and other secondary sources of non-ferrous metals.

He is the chief Advisor to Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation, Chennai and has been empanelled as one of the Technical Assessors with National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).

The author has published 45 papers in national and international journals of repute in the field of process metallurgy and chemical analysis. He is a Chartered Chemist (CChem) from The Royal Society of Chemistry, London and an active member of various international bodies including The Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), ASTM International, USA, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists (ISAS), Bombay and Indian Institute of Metals (IIM), Kolkata.

Chemical Analysis in
Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy

R Raghavan

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

CHENNAI

Published by

Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

No. 1-B, Second Main Road,

Ram Nagar South, Chennai - 600 091.

Phone: 91 44 4281 1452 , 4281 1349

Email: vijaynicole@airtelmail.in, www.vijaynicole.co.in

Order your copies from

Dr. R Raghavan

Chief Advisor

Non-ferrous Metallurgical Research Foundation

4D Abirami Meadow Land

Park Road, 32 UR Nagar, Padi

Chennai 600050, India

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN NON-FERROUS EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY

ISBN-13: 978-81-8209-327-0

ISBN-10: 81-8209-327-9

COPYRIGHT © 2012, Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Limited

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers and copyright holders. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by publishers, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor copyright holders guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither publishers nor copyright holders shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that publishers and copyright holders are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

Laser typeset at: Maven Learning Private Limited, Chennai - 600 091.

Printed at: Max Printing Press, Chennai - 600 095

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Quick Reference Guide

Unit 1 Process Metallurgy and Flow Sheets

Aluminium

Cadmium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Nickel

Silver

Zinc

Mercury

Heavy Metal Poisoning

Unit 2 Test Methods

Aluminium

Ammonium

Antimony

Arsenic

Bauxite

Bismuth

Cadmium

Calcium

Carbon

Chlorine

Cobalt

Copper

Fluorine

Gallium

Germanium

Gold

Indium

Iron

Lead

Magnesium

Manganese

Mercury

Molybdenum

Nickel

Silicon/Silica

Silver

Sulphur

Thallium

Tin

Titanium

Zinc

Special Materials

Special Notes

Unit 3 Test Methods of Process Chemicals

Activated Carbon

Aluminium Trifluoride

Alumino-Ferric

Ammonium Sulphate and Ammonium Chloride

Ascorbic Acid

β-Naphthol (2-Naphthol)

Bleaching Powder

Bone Glue/Gum Arabic

Borax (Disodium Tetraborate)

Calcium Chloride

Caustic Soda

Ceramic Tower Packing

Coal and Coke

Copper Sulphate

Cryolite

Dimethylglyoxime

Ferrous Sulphate, Heptahydrate

Fluorspar

Hydrated Lime

Ion-Exchange Resins

Iron Ore/Iron Pyrites

Limestone

Oleum

Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate

Potassium Potassium Chromate/Dichromate

Potassium Permanganate

Pyrolusite

Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous

Sodium Chloride (Common Salt)

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Nitrate

Sodium Nitrite

Sodium Silicate

Sodium Sulphate

Sodium Sulphide

Sodium Sulphite, Anhydrous

Steel

Strontium Carbonate

Sulphuric Acid

Thiourea

Trisodium Phosphate

Vanadium Pentoxide

Xanthates

Zinc Sulphate

Zinc Dust

Unit 4 Chemists and Metallurgists Aid

Table of Important Elements

Conversion Factors

Titre Equivalents, Molecular and equivalent weights

pH values

Indicators for volumetric work and pH determination

Drying Agents and Freezing Mixtures, Vapour Pressure of water over sulphuric acid at 20oC

US, Imperial and Metric Equivalents

Sieve and Mesh Sizes

Electromotive Series and Electrochemical equivalents

Simple Alloys and Their Common Uses

Comparison of Detection of Limits

Recommended instrument parameters and working range for atomic absorption spectrometer

Standard Solutions and Standardization

Emission standard for copper, Lead & Zinc

Heavy metals in drinking water and their effects

Standard and Guidelines for Lead

Ambient Air Quality Standards

Environmental Standards for Lead Acid battery manufacturing Industry

Environmental Standards for Dry Cell Manufacturing Industry

General standards for discharge of Environmental Pollutants

Gas analysis

Smelter gas analysis

Sulphur dioxide gas analysis in non-ferrous metallurgical industries

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